Reference rot in web-based scholarly communication and link decoration as a path to mitigation

Reference rot in web-based scholarly communication and link decoration as a path to mitigation.
Martin Klein, Herbert Van de Sompel. LSE Impact of Social Sciences blog. February 6, 2015.
The failure of a web address to link to the appropriate online source is a significant problem facing scholarly material. The ability to reference sources is a fundamental part of scholarship. "Increasingly, we see references to software, ontologies, project websites, presentations, blogs, videos, tweets, etc. Such resources are usually referenced by means of their HTTP URI as they exist on the web at large. These HTTP URIs allow for immediate access on the web, but also introduce one of the detrimental characteristics of the web to scholarly communication: reference rot." Reference rot is a combination of two problems common for URI references:

• link rot: A URI ceases to exist; the page is not found
• content drift: The resource identified by its URI changes over time and is not what was originally referenced

Their study shows that articles published in 2012 suffer from link rot: 13% of arXiv, 22% of Elsevier, and 14% of PubMed Central. For articles published in 2005, the numbers are higher: corresponding numbers are 18%, 41%, and 36%.

The typical strategy to address the problem is to link to a snapshot of the web page (instead of the original web page) created at the time and stored in a web archive, such as the Internet Archive, archive.today, and perma.cc.

 There are problems with the approach. The link copy may not remain in place either. The linking URI is lost, as is the any information about the page or changed page. Link decoration can be used, with the URI of the original, the snapshot, and datetime of linking. Memento can provide this information but there are discussions needed to decide how to best convey the information.

Digital Preservation Matters.

Digital Preservation Coalition publishes ‘OAIS Introductory Guide (2nd Edition)’ Technology Watch Report

Digital Preservation Coalition publishes ‘OAIS Introductory Guide (2nd Edition)’ Technology Watch Report. Brian Lavoie.  Digital Preservation Coalition. Watch Report. October, 2014. [PDF]

The report describes the OAIS, its core principles and functional elements, as well as the information model which support long-term preservation, access and understandability of data. The OAIS reference model was approved in 2002 and revised and updated in 2012. Perhaps “the most important achievement of the OAIS is that it has become almost universally accepted as the lingua franca of digital preservation”.

The central concept in the reference model is that of an open archival information system. An OAIS-type archive must meet a set of six minimum responsibilities to do with the ingest, preservation, and dissemination of archived materials: Ingest, Archival Storage, Data Management, Preservation Planning, Access, and Administration. There are also Common Services, which consist of basic computing and networking resources.

An OAIS-type archive references three types of entities: Management, Producer, and Consumer, which includes the Designated Community: consumers expected to independently understand the archived information in the form in which it is preserved and made available by the OAIS. This is a  framework to encourage dialogue and collaboration among participants in standards-building activities, as well as identifying areas most likely to benefit from standards development.

An OAIS-type archive is expected to:

• Negotiate for and accept appropriate information from information producers;
• Obtain sufficient control of the information in order to meet long-term preservation objectives;
• Determine the scope of the archive’s user community;
• Ensure the preserved information is independently understandable to the user community
• Follow documented policies and procedures to ensure the information is preserved against all reasonable contingencies
• Make the preserved information available to the user community, and enable dissemination of authenticated

An OAIS should be committed to making the contents of its archival store available to its intended user community, through access mechanisms and services which support users’ needs and requirements. Such requirements may include preferred medium, access channels, and any access restrictions should be clearly documented.

 The OAIS information model is built around the concept of an information package, which includes: the Submission Information Package, the Archival Information Package, and the Dissemination Information Package. Preservation requires metadata to support and document the OAIS’s preservation processes, called Preservation Description Information, which ‘is specifically focused on describing the past and present states of the Content Information, ensuring that it is uniquely identifiable, and ensuring it has not been unknowingly altered’. The information consists of:

• Reference Information (identifiers)
• Context Information (describes relationships among information and objects)
• Provenance Information (history of the content over time)
• Fixity Information (verifying authenticity)
• Access Rights Information (conditions or restrictions)

OAIS is a model and not an implementation. It does not address system architectures, storage or processing technologies, database design, computing platforms, or other technical details of setting up a functioning archival system. But it has been used as a foundation or starting point. Efforts, such as TRAC, have been made to put the attributes of a trusted digital archive into a ‘checklist’ that could be used to support a certification process. PREMIS is a preservation metadata initiative that has emerged as the de facto standard. METS, and XML based  document form, has become widely used for encoding OAIS archival information packages.

The ‘OAIS reference model provides a solid theoretical basis for digital preservation efforts, though theory and practice can sometimes have an uneasy fit.’

Digital Preservation Matters.

A picture is worth a thousand (coherent) words: building a natural description of images

A picture is worth a thousand (coherent) words: building a natural description of images. Google Research Blob. November 17, 2014. 
Google has developed a machine-learning system that can automatically produce captions to accurately describe images the first time it sees them. It can describe a complex scene which requires a deeper representation of what’s going on in the scene, capturing how the various objects relate to one another and translating it all into natural-sounding language. The full paper "Show and Tell: A Neural Image Caption Generator" is here.

Digital Preservation Matters.

ARMA 2014: The Convergence of Records Management and Digital Preservation

ARMA 2014: The Convergence of Records Management and Digital Preservation. Howard Loos, Chris Erickson. October 2014. [PDF]
Presentation on records management and digital preservation given at the ARMA 2014 conference.
Notes:

• Records Management mission: To assist departments in fulfilling their responsibility to identify and manage records and information in accordance with legal, regulatory, and operational requirements
• RIM Life Cycle to DP Life Cycle
• Challenges and successful approaches
• Storing records permanently with M-Discs
• Introduction to Digital Preservation, challenges, format sustainability, media obsolescence, metadata, organizational challenges,
• Life of digital media
• Best practices and processes
• OAIS model
• Rosetta Digital Preservation System
• Library of Congress Digital Preservation Outreach & Education (DPOE) Network

Digital Preservation Matters.

Cerf sees a problem: Today's digital data could be gone tomorrow.

Cerf sees a problem: Today's digital data could be gone tomorrow. Patrick Thibodeau. Computerworld. June 4, 2013.
Vinton Cerf is concerned that much of the data that has been created in the past few decades and for years still to come, will be lost to time. Digital materials from today, such as spreadsheets, documents, presentations as well as mountains of scientific data, won't be readable in the years and centuries ahead. Software backward compatibility is very hard to preserve over very long periods of time, and the data objects are only meaningful if the software programs are available to interpret them. "The scientific community collects large amounts of data from simulations and instrument readings. But unless the metadata survives, which will tell under what conditions the data was collected, how the instruments were calibrated, and the correct interpretation of units, the information may be lost. If you don't preserve all the extra metadata, you won't know what the data means. So years from now, when you have a new theory, you won't be able to go back and look at the older data."

What is needed is a "digital vellum," a digital medium that is as durable and long-lasting as the material that has successfully preserved written content for more than 1,000 years. If a company goes out of business and there is no provision for its software to become accessible to others, all the products running that software may become inaccessible. The cloud computing environment may help; it may be able to emulate older hardware on which we can run operating systems and applications. We need to preserve the bits, but also the a way of interpreting them.

Digital Preservation Matters.

Digital Preservation Best Practices and Guidelines.

Digital Preservation Best Practices and Guidelines. North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources. Website. April 23, 2013.
This site contains many useful tools and resources for digital preservation:

• Naming conventions for files
• How to manage digital files
• Examples of many policies and guidelines
• Electronic records management policies/guidelines by state
• Best practices
• File formats
• Email policies
• Preservation metadata

Digital Preservation Matters.

The Digital-Surrogate Seal of Approval: a Consumer-oriented Standard

The Digital-Surrogate Seal of Approval: a Consumer-oriented Standard.  James A. Jacobs, James R. Jacobs. D-Lib Magazine. March/April 2013.
"Digital-Surrogate Seal of Approval" (DSSOA) is a proposed way to describe the accuracy and completeness of digital objects that were created from printed books and other non-digital originals. It indicates that the original has been digitized completely and with 100% accuracy. This seal of approval may be applied to a digitized version of an analog original when it accurately replicates the original. To do this, two criteria must be met and verified:

1. Completeness. All pages of the original are fully and completely reproduced.
2. Accuracy. The original layout and appearance are preserved. All text is legible and there is no visual degradation when compared to the original.

The seal of approval, with a Statement of Verification,  can be applied by those responsible for the digital objects at any stage of the life cycle. The Statement of Verification must describe the methodology used and confirm 100% compliance. A "digital surrogate" in this context is a complete, accurate, digital replica of a bibliographically-identified, analog original item. The seal of approval  may be applied to a specific item or to a collection when all items in the collection meet the criteria.  The criteria may be used by organizations that create, manage, preserve, or deliver digital content. They may apply it to items that they curate as a way of communicating to their user-communities the completeness and accuracy of digital surrogates. The article also  addresses metadata elements, requirements and exceptions. This may not be appropriate or necessary for all digitization projects or collections.

Digital Preservation Matters.

Digital Curation Bibliography

Digital Curation Bibliography: Preservation and Stewardship of Scholarly Works, 2012 Supplement. Charles W. Bailey, Jr. March 2013.

Bibliography: Preservation and Stewardship of Scholarly Works, 2012 Supplement, which presents over 130 English-language articles, books, and technical reports published in 2012 about digital curation and preservation, copyright issues, digital formats (e.g., media, e-journals, research data), metadata, models and policies, national and international efforts, projects and institutional implementations, research studies, services, strategies, and digital repository concerns.

It is a supplement to the Digital Curation Bibliography:Preservation and Stewardship of Scholarly Works, which covers over 650 works published from 2000 through 2011.

 

Digital Preservation Matters.

The Big Picture: Preserving Audio & Video Digital Media.

Managing and Preserving Audio and Video in your Digital Repository. DuraSpace. Oct 6, 2012. 

The DuraSpace site has a series of webinars dealing with preserving audio and video files.  The above link is to the overview of the webinars. To watch the webinars, use the links below.

1.        The Big Picture: Preserving Audio and Video Digital Media. Webinar. DuraSpace.  May 16, 2012.

Analog migration choices and digital migration formats; storage and retrieval, codecs, techniques for data reduction and compression, media containers.

2.       Creating Access to Audio and Video Digital Media: The Variations on Video Project and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.  Adam Wead, Jon Dunn. June 6, 2012.  

Storage solutions, advantages and disadvantages; tools; PBCore; Wowza with Flowplater; costs and limitations; creating an open source solution.

3.       Describing Audio and Video Digital Media with Metadata. Kara Van Malssen, Chris Beer.  June 13, 2012.

Need provenance and technical metadata; broadcast wave format; embed metadata in files; know the source; understand what you have.

Digital Preservation Matters.

Metadata Clean Sweep: A Digital Library Audit Project

Metadata Clean Sweep: A Digital Library Audit Project. R. Niccole Westbrook, et al.
As digital library collections grow in size, metadata issues such as inconsistencies, incompleteness and quality become increasingly difficult to manage over time.  This was a project by library school interns and full-time staff to alleviate poor recall, poor precision and metadata inconsistencies across digital collections. Access to content is the primary goal of the metadata of a digital library. Successful metadata maintenance must include both correction of found mistakes and correction to practices that lead to those mistakes.

Digital Preservation Matters.

Guidelines on the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio.

Guidelines on the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio. The International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives. ed. by Kevin Bradley. Second edition 2009.
A web version of guidelines on creating and preserving digital audio objects.  Areas of interest covered include:

• Metadata, including preservation metadata
• Important to keep all aspects of preservation and transfer relating to audio files, including all technical parameters 
• Persistent Identifiers
• Naming conventions
• Digital preservation planning
• OAIS: the services and functions for monitoring the environment and providing recommendations to ensure that the information stored remains accessible to the Designated User Community over the long term, even if the original computing environment becomes obsolete
• Preservation planning is the process of knowing the technical issues in the repository, identifying the future preservation direction (pathways), and determining when a preservation action, such as format migration, will need to be made.
• Small scale digital archiving
• Digital preservation is as much an economic issue as a technical one.
• Any proposal to build and manage an archive of digital audio objects should have a strategy which includes plans for the funding of ongoing maintenance and replacement
• Risks
• The only way to know the condition of a digital collection is constant and comprehensive testing.
• A preservation strategy requires a listing of the risks associated with the loss of technical expertise and how that will be addressed.   
• An archive can distribute risk in a number of ways,  such as:
• form local partnerships so that content is distributed
• establish a relationship with a stable well funded archive; 
• engage a commercial supplier of storage services
• Recording formats
• It is not recommended that audio streams be recorded for long term storage.
• Recommend recording as a digital data file
• Recommend recording as .wav or preferably BWF .wav files 
• The large investment in a single format will also help support the continuance of that format for the longest period, as the industry will not change an entrenched format without significant benefits.
  
  Digital Preservation Matters.

An Overview of Web Archiving.

An Overview of Web Archiving. Jinfang Niu. D-Lib Magazine. March/April 2012.
An article on the methods used at a variety of universities, and other institutions to select, acquire, describe and access web resources for their archives. Some notes from the article:

• Web archiving is the process of gathering up data that has been recorded on the World Wide Web, storing it, ensuring the data is preserved in an archive, and making the collected data available for future research.
• The workflow of web archiving includes appraisal and selection, acquisition, organization and storage, description and access. This workflow is the core of web archiving.
• Creating a web archive presents many challenges,  
• When archiving web content through web crawling programs, selection decisions are the basis for compiling a site list to crawl and configuring crawler parameters. Crawling may replace deposit for some things.
• In acquiring web resources, the decision of whether to seek permission from copyright owners depends on the legal environment of the web archive, the scale of the web archive, and the nature of archived content and the archiving organization.
•  Web archives need to preserve the authenticity and integrity of archived web content. The concept of provenance is important. 
• The library must decide how it will generate, store and use metadata. Also, how it will make this available to others.

Digital Preservation Matters.

From Link Rot to Web Sanctuary: Creating the Digital Educational Resource Archive (DERA).

From Link Rot to Web Sanctuary: Creating the Digital Educational Resource Archive (DERA). Bernard M. Scaife. Ariadne. July 2011.
One of the tasks was to fix the broken links in the catalogue. A report showed that of about 16,000 links to external resources, about 1,200 were non-functional (7.5%).  There were ways to fix many of these, but about 10% of the links referred to documents which no longer existed.  Many of these were government publications. The question was how to do this differently. They looked at adding materials into their own repository, which would allow them to solve the link rot problem while "building in a core level of digital preservation and increasing the discoverability of these documents. We were convinced that a citation which linked to a record in a Web archive was far more likely to survive than one which did not."

They needed to clarify the intellectual property rights, add descriptive metadata, such as the type of document, a collection name, subjects, and the organization that created the document.  They also found that they "had to accept all common file formats at present. In practice, the majority are pdf, some MS Word and a few Excel files. It would, for preservation purposes, be preferable to convert and ingest in PDF/A format, at least for the textual formats. However our view was that the small overhead of batch migrating to that format at a later stage means it would be better to spend time upfront now on metadata rather than file conversion. We felt that this was a pragmatic response which meant that we would be working within the spirit of digital preservation best practice." Also, they found that "data-based formats such as Excel cannot be meaningfully integrated into a full-text search and that these objects would benefit from better representations." 

Other things they learned include    

• Placing files in a repository gives digital preservation to key documents in the subject field and eradicates the link rot problem.
• Adding high-quality metadata enhances the resource and allows it to hold its head high and become an integral part of a library's collection.
• A library can play an important role in preserving content as part of its long-term strategy and ensure high-quality resources remain available.
• The added value of being able to search the full text provides a potentially very rich resource for researchers.

Future plans are to build up content levels and to integrate these resources with the regular library content,

Meeting the Challenge of Media Preservation: Strategies and Solutions.

Meeting the Challenge of Media Preservation: Strategies and Solutions." Indiana University Bloomington. September 2011. (128 page pdf.)
This excellent study is the result of a year of research and planning to address the problems an earlier report in 2009.  It looks at the preservation and conservation of audio, video, and film, including: guiding preservation principles, facility planning, prioritization, digitization methodologies, strategies for film, principles for access, technological infrastructure needs, and engagement with campus units and priorities. It is specifically for the university, but the information and recommendations are of interest to others.  Their mission is to preserve the time-based media holdings of Indiana University so that they may be accessible. They estimate their media holdings at more than 560,000 audio, video, and film objects, and nearly all on obsolete formats. And they estimate they only have a  fifteen- to twenty-year window of opportunity to digitally preserve audio and video holdings. They propose to collect rich descriptive and technical metadata to support digitization and future interpretation and management of digital content.

• The media preservation crisis impacts every institution with media collections.
• Because campus holdings are very large and time pressures great, even high-efficiency workflows may not preserve everything in time. 
• Not every recording is an appropriate candidate for long-term preservation.
• Research, instruction, curation, and public availability are core university missions supported by media preservation efforts.
• Access is the end goal of any preservation work, and it must be developed in tandem with
  media preservation efforts.
• Access to preserved holdings is critical to the success of the project and to the realization of its value to the campus.
• The vision is an era characterized by a wealth of media content preserved long term and made accessible and integrated into campus research and instruction.
• We live in a watershed moment in which acute challenges demand a coordinated effort to address dramatic technological and cultural changes in the way users access time-based media.
• Target: high resolution audio preservation and production masters—24 bit, 96 kHz sample rate.

Some recommendations are that a 10,000-square-foot Indiana Media Preservation and Access Center is built employing 25 staff: administrators, audio and video engineers, film specialists, processing technicians, and IT support. The annual output is projected at 2-3PB of data per year with a total fifteen-year target of 39PB of data storage.  The first year of work will be focused on developing solutions to the challenges posed by legacy media. The second year will begin developing management strategies and workflows for file-based born digital recordings.

Their guiding principles include: Curatorial Responsibility; Standards and Best Practices; Online Accessibility; Description Services; usability of metadata; copyright strategies; Access Digitizing and Preservation. Their efforts need to be combined into a trusted digital repository.  "Preservation metadata requirements need to be defined, and tools need to be developed to support audio and video preservation package validation, technical metadata capture, and repository ingest."

This is a long study but is well worth the time to read all the way through it.   This university link also includes other related materials, such as the media preservation survey, and a brochure "Our History is at Risk".

Long-term Preservation for Spatial Data Infrastructures: a Metadata Framework and Geo-portal Implementation.

Long-term Preservation for Spatial Data Infrastructures: a Metadata Framework and Geo-portal Implementation. Arif Shaon, Andrew Woolf. D-Lib Magazine. September/October 2011.
Geospatial data is increasing, particularly with diverse environmental datasets. Long-term preservation of the data is not typically addressed, but it is very important for current and future use.  Sustained access to environmental data is becoming more important and more difficult because it is increasing so dramatically.
Without effective long-term preservation, the data face the risk of becoming unusable over time. This article looks at the requirements, particularly metadata, for preserving this data.  The authors have implemented a web-based portal prototype that demonstrates some functions of a preservation interface, such as data discovery using geospatial metadata, data downloading, metadata creation and validation.  There is more to be done in this area.

The Conference on World Affairs Archive Online: Digitization and Metadata for a Digital Audio Pilot.

The Conference on World Affairs Archive Online: Digitization and Metadata for a Digital Audio Pilot.  Michael Dulock, Holley Long.  D-Lib Magazine. March/April 2011.
The University of Colorado Archives began a project to digitize a sample set of 80 tapes from their substantial collection of audio recordings. To prepare for the project the Media Specialist inspected a sampling of the audio in the collection to determine media formats and the collection's condition. The media specialist also listened to the selection of materials to rate the sound quality on a scale of excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor.  In addition to the media's age, playback equipment for analog audio formats is becoming increasingly more difficult to acquire and maintain.

They followed the technical  recommendations in the Collaborative Digitization Program's Digital Audio Best Practices. The team chose to digitize the materials at the recommended 44.1 kHz and 24 bit, since these specifications adequately capture the spoken word.

With existing metadata, volunteers added descriptive summaries and topical keywords.  The project used several schemas:  Broadcasting Metadata Dictionary Project (PBCore) for the audio, qualified Dublin Core for text documents, and Visual Resources Association Core metadata 4.0 (VRA Core) for photographs and other images.

Free Tools for Your Preservation Toolbelt.

Free Tools for Your Preservation Toolbelt. Randy Stern, Spencer McEwen.  Harvard.  June 2011. A presentation delivered at the Open Repositories 2011 conference. 
The Digital Repository Service models “objects” rather than files.  Examples:
- Delivery, archival master, and production master images comprise one object
- All images and OCR text for a book comprise one object

Object Preservation Metadata: Digital preservation requires accurate and sufficient technical metadata to support preservation planning and activities. Descriptive metadata is also valuable for identification and management by curators.  Standards-based schema maximize tool support and ability to exchange data with other repositories.

Here are some tools they use, which are open source or will be soon.

Tool 1 - FITS (File Information Tool Set)
Identifies, validates, and extracts technical metadata from files

Tool 2 - OTS-Schemas (Object Tool Set Schemas)
Java library for reading and writing documents in common XML schemas

Tool 3 - OTS (Object Tool Set)
Java library for creating, reading, updating, and writing METS Object Descriptors

Tool 4 - BatchBuilder
Builds OTS METS objects (and SIP) from directory hierarchies of content files

Library of Congress Digital Preservation Newsletter.

Library of Congress Digital Preservation Newsletter. Library of Congress.  August 2011. [PDF]

The newsletter includes information on:

•  “Make it Work: Improvisations on the Stewardship of Digital Information,” 
• All About Archiving the Web 
• Possible uniform law on the authentication of online legal materials
• Exploring Cultural Heritage Collections With Recollection
• Recollection is a free and open source platform that lets archivists, librarians, scholars and curators create easy to navigate web interfaces (like maps, timelines, facets, tag clouds) to their digital, cultural heritage collections.
• Finding digital preservation training.  The training calendar.
• Digital Time Capsules and our "Digital Afterlife"
• Creating and organizing personal digital content for future access.
• The Signal: Library of Congress blog to discuss digital stewardship in a way that is informative and appealing.
• Tending the machines
• What skills does a digital archivist or librarian need?  Skills students need to compete in the archives and libraries job market.  Expertise with programming, formats and standards is, of course, very important.  But other talents have a greater bearing on success in today’s workplace. Such as:
• an ability to understand and adapt to new ways of using technology
• eagerness to help refine how things are done
• a basic understanding of how the different system parts contribute to doing the job at hand
• ability to bridge two distinct social camps: the highly technical and the highly not-technical
• how choose among these tools and software options to meet the needs of users
• communication skills, including presentation, writing, speaking and persuading
• ability to social media and to integrate photographs, graphics and video with text to get the right message out to as many people as possible

Digital Preservation Courses & Workshops For Organizations and Institutions

Digital Preservation Courses & Workshops For Organizations and Institutions. Library of Congress. August 2011.  The Library of Congress, as part of their outreach and education efforts, provide this calendar to help people access training related to digital preservation. The calendar can be sorted by date, course, format, location, and cost. To find out more about an offering, click on its title. The list includes a number that are free and online, which include:

• Preserving Your Personal Digital Memories
• Protecting Future Access Now: Models for Preserving Digitized Books and Other Content at Cultural Heritage Organizations
• An Introduction to Digital Preservation

Digital Preservation Matters - 15 October 2009

PREMIS Implementation Fair 2009. Reports. October 7, 2009.

This fair concerning PREMIS (digital preservation metadata) was presented following the iPres conference in San Francisco. The online agenda for the PREMIS fair now includes the PowerPoint and PDF presentations. They include:

• Status of PREMIS (Brian Lavoie)
• Implementation in METS (Rebecca Guenther)
• PREMIS Rights implementation at University of California San Diego (Bradley Westbrook)
• PREMIS for geospatial data (Nancy Hoebelheinrich)
• Towards Interoperable Preservation Repositories (TIPR) project (Priscilla Caplan)

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New E-Book Company to Focus on Older Titles. Motoko Rich. The New York Times. October 13, 2009.

A new company has been formed that will republish old titles, and seeks new authors willing to be published in electronic format. They look at to an aggressive marketing campaign, and are looking at both the backlist and the electronic format.

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The ARL Preservation Statistics 2006-07. David Green. Association of Research Libraries. September 25, 2009.

The latest edition of the preservation statistics. It looks mainly at physical preservation, and includes information on personnel, expenditures, conservation treatment, preservation treatment, and preservation microfilming. The section dealing with digital preservation states:

“Digitizing for preservation purposes is the reproduction of bound volumes, pamphlets, unboundsheets, manuscripts, maps, posters, works of art on paper, and other paper-based materials for thepurpose of:

a) making duplicate copies that replace deteriorated originals (e.g., by digitizing texts and storing them permanently in electronic form and/or printing them on alkaline paper);

b) making preservation master copies to guard against irretrievable loss of unique originals (e.g., by making high-resolution electronic copies of photographs and storing them permanently and/or printing them; or

c) making surrogate copies that can be retrieved and distributed easily, thereby improving access to information resources without exposing original materials to excessive handling; or some combination of these factors.

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Alfresco Achieves DoD 5015.02 Records Management Certification. Marisa Peacock. CMS Wire. Oct 5, 2009.

Alfresco is certified as DoD 5015.2 compliant, the first open source content management system to do so. The Department of Defense standard outlines mandatory requirements for Records Management programs and is recognized as a base standard by many organizations.